Which of the following instruments are included as investment products under MiFID?

Under the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID), investment products specifically encompass a range of financial instruments that facilitate investment activities. Money market instruments and derivatives are included because they are fundamental to the financial markets, offering various means for investors to manage risk and seek returns.

Money market instruments, such as treasury bills and commercial paper, are typically short-term debt instruments used for financing and liquidity management. They are widely traded and provide investors with a secure means of investing their funds.

Derivatives, including options, futures, and swaps, are financial contracts whose value is derived from an underlying asset, index, or rate. They are integral in hedging against risks or speculating on future price movements, making them essential tools for professional investors and institutions.

In contrast, the other choices either fall outside of the specific definition of financial instruments under MiFID or are not classified as traditional investment products in the context of this directive. For instance, while commodities may be of interest for investment, they are typically categorized separately and do not fall within the purview of MiFID as direct investment products. Cryptocurrencies and digital assets raise regulatory considerations that are still evolving and do not fit neatly into the MiFID framework as established financial products. Similarly, real estate and physical